WORLD WOMEN STUDIES JOURNAL

The Evaluation of Birth Related Beliefs and Practices in the Context of Intercultural Nursing in Avsarlar

Gönül GÖKÇAY — 2023-10-12

Introduction: Pregnancy and birth is a situation that for societies have accepted as a natural process from past to present and is seen as a very important life experience families. In the past, it was believed that childbirth was a natural event that women did without help or with the help of people who did not have medical knowledge, and births were carried out in homes where they lived. In traditional societies, respect for women increases with birth, and the place of women in the family and especially in society is strengthened. Beliefs and practices related to birth in Avşar villages continue today. The new generations, on the one hand, try to adapt to the customs, traditions and customs, on the other hand, they also apply to medical methods. Beliefs and practices related to birth develop in three stages. These stages appear as beliefs and practices before, during and after birth.

Aim: The aim of this review is to examine the beliefs and practices of Avşar culture about birth, to present current literature information and to present the effects of these belief styles on social life and health to the readers in the context of intercultural nursing.

Material and Method: The literature review of the study was carried out between 26 June - 7 July 2023. During the study, the keywords “Avşar Villages” OR “Avşar Culture” OR “Avşars” OR “Avşar Customs” AND “Birth” AND “Faith” AND “Culture in Nursing” and their English translations were used by Google Scholar, PubMed, Searches were made on the Science Direct search engines.

Literature Findings: Traditional and cultural behaviors and beliefs are frequently encountered in the history of humanity and nowadays in every field, especially in the field of health. These applications in the field of health; It is shaped by the perceptions, beliefs and cultures of societies. World Health Organization traditional medicine; It defines it as the whole of all kinds of cultural life styles and practices that aim to provide health, protect, develop and treat this condition.

Conclusion: When the Turkish cultural history is examined, it is seen that there are very different beliefs and practices for the concept of pregnancy and puerperium. These practices are based on Turkish folk beliefs and practices from ancient times. Nursing observations made in this area provide important data in examining the effects of practices up to date on public health.

Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale

Filiz ASLANTEKİN ÖZÇOBAN — 2023-10-12

Purpose: This study was conducted to test the validity and reliability of the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES) for the Turkish population.

Method: The study included a qualitative design for validity and reliability of the Pregnancy Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale (P-ESES) for the Turkish population. The sample of the study consists of 221 Turkish pregnant women. To test the criterion-related validity of P-ESES correlation was examined with a scale similar to that obtained from the self-efficacy in Turkey.

Results: According to the analysis results, the scale was determined to be two-dimensional. There are 10 items, seven items in the first factor and three items in the second factor. The eigenvalue of the first sub-dimension of the P-ESES was 5.42 and the variance explained was 54.24%; The eigenvalue of the second dimension is 1.41 and the variance it explains is 14.16%. The total variance explained is 68.41%. The Cronbach's alpha of the scale was 0.894 in total, 0.928 for Factor 1 and 0.659 for factor 2, respectively. The questionnaire was found to have a good content validity.

Conclusion: P-ESES was evaluated to have good content validity and was found to have reliability.

Being a Woman Manager in Local Media

Berna ARSLAN — 2023-10-12

When the media is considered in different dimensions, it is a sector that contains many problems. The most important of these problems are related to women's employment and gender inequality. Researches on this subject in the field of media show that the sector has a male-dominated structure. Of course, women's problems related to working life are not limited to media organizations. Women struggle with gender inequalities in almost every branch of the production and service sector. Considering the power of the media to influence society, it is expected to raise public awareness on gender equality, while the fact that gender discrimination is experienced in this sector presents a situation that contradicts the functions of mass communication. The local press has a special importance among the media companies that provide services in different areas. Because the local press is in close contact with the public as well as with all the institutions and organizations in the province where it is located. This proximity makes the local press special and important in terms of its dominance over the problems in the region and its power to form public opinion. This study focuses on the problems and opportunities of female journalists working in managerial positions in local press organizations. In this context, a qualitative research was designed within the scope of the study. In-depth interviews were made with 12 female managers, who have different education, age and professional experience, determined by snowball sampling method, in local press organizations in different cities of Turkey. The data obtained were interpreted with the descriptive analysis method. According to the results obtained from the analysis journalist participating in the study represent the younger generation and all but one have vocational training. It is noteworthy that the problems of women journalists differ according to the region they work in. Although they are senior managers, women journalists do not prefer to take active roles in non-governmental organizations. However, it is thought that women journalists who work as managers in the local media, as well as their professional success, showing unity and solidarity within non-governmental organizations would be a source of motivation for women working or wanting to work in this field.

Cyber Sexual Aggression Scale: Scale Development and Validity Study

Şehadet TAŞKIN — 2023-10-12

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to develop the Cyber Sexual Aggression Scale (CSAS), and to evaluate its validity and reliability.

Material-Method: The research, which is methodological, was completed with 607 university students. The research was carried out by using an online questionnaire created through Google Forms with students who were reached online via social networks. In the development process of the scale, first of all, a literature review was made. The created question pool was presented to expert opinion in order to ensure content validity. After the corrections made after expert opinions and the removal of similar questions, the 21-item scale was piloted with 20 students. Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed to test the construct validity of the scale, and its reliability was evaluated with Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficient.

Results: As a result of the EFA analysis conducted in the study, it was determined that the scale consisted of 18 items and 2 sub-dimensions. The total Cronbach's α internal consistency coefficient of the scale was 0.94, the unwanted sexual text sub-dimension was 0.90, and the unwanted sexual desire sub-dimension was 0.94.

Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that SCAS is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine cyber sexual aggression.

Analysis of Women's Labor Force Profile and Statistics in Turkey in terms of Literature

Perihan ABAY — 2023-10-12

Objective: The focus of this study is to analyze the women's labor force profile and statistics in Turkey from the perspective of the literature. Women's labor force participation is of great importance in the context of economic and social development. In countries like Turkey, the status and statistics of the women's labor force are vital for understanding the problem of gender inequality, guiding policy making and increasing women's employment. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive understanding of women's labor force participation, employment status and gender inequality by conducting a detailed analysis of the women's labor force profile and statistics in Turkey from the perspective of the literature. Within the scope of the objective of this study, the following sub-objectives were pursued.

Methods: In general, the following issues about the Women's Labor Force Profile and Statistics in Turkey have been evaluated in terms of the literature within the scope of the study. The women's labor force profile in Turkey is shaped by cultural, social and economic factors. Implementing policies and programs that support women's labor force participation is important for reducing gender inequality. Analyses in the literature emphasize the need to redefine gender roles, encourage men's participation in housework and increase women's visibility in leadership positions. In this way, it is stated in the results and findings of the literature sources that women's participation in the labor force can increase and gender inequality can be reduced. In this study, the studies in the literature on the subject of the research were compiled and the results and conclusions obtained were interpreted.

Results: Policies and measures to reduce gender inequality are a great necessity. Increasing women's participation in the labor force is seen as a critical factor in promoting economic growth and supporting social development.

Conclusion: Increasing women's labor force participation will not only ensure women's economic independence, but will also contribute positively to the economic growth and social development of the country. Therefore, it is concluded that more efforts should be made to address gender inequality and unlock women's potential in the labor market.

The Effect of Different Stabilization Exercise Trainings on Mechanical Properties of Trunk Muscles, Endurance, and Balance

Gizem TAŞ GEÇİT — 2023-10-12

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of Reformer Pilates (RP) and Hammock Yoga (HY) exercise approaches on mechanical properties, endurance of trunk muscle, and dynamic balance in healthy female subjects.

Method: A total of 32 healthy female subjects aged between 25-50 years participated in the study. Eight individuals were excluded because they did not meet the study inclusion criteria. 24 individuals were divided into RP (n=12, mean age 31.2±6.5 years) and HY groups (n=12, mean age 38.7±7.8 years) by simple randomisation. The RP exercise training was given to one group and the HY exercise training to the other group by the same physiotherapist for 8 weeks, 2 days a week. Mechanical properties (tonus, stiffness, and elasticity) of M. Rectus Abdominus and M. Erector Spinae muscles were assessed with the MyotonPRO device, trunk muscle endurance was evaluated with lateral bridge, unilateral bridge, and trunk flexion tests, dynamic balance was evaluated with Y-balance test.

Results: After 8 weeks of training, balance and trunk muscles endurance increased in both groups (p<0.05). The increase in the trunk flexion and left bridging tests of the HY group was greater than that of the RP group (p<0.05). There was no difference between the groups in terms of myotonometric properties of the rectus abdominis muscle before and after training (p>0.05). While the mechanical properties of the erector spinae muscle were similar before training, the bilateral stiffness value of the HY group was higher after training (p<0.05). No difference was found in the tone and elasticity of the lumbar muscles between the groups after training (p>0.05). During the study, right Erector Spina muscle tone decreased in the RP group, while bilateral Rectus Abdominis muscle tone decreased in the HY group (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Both exercise training can be preferred interchangeably according to individual characteristics to increase dynamic balance and endurance of trunk muscles. HY may be preferred for increasing trunk flexion and hip extensor muscles endurance. HY can be used for decrease the tone of abdominal muscles and improve the stiffness of lumbar extensor muscles.

Does The Mining Engineering Profession Have a Gender?: Evaluation of The Profession From The Students’ Perspective Based on Gender Perception

Tuğba Deniz TOMBAL KARA — 2023-10-12

The main scope of this study is to analyse the mining engineering profession from the perspective of both female and male mining engineering students and to examine the profession in terms of gender equality. This study also aims to identify the problems faced by mining engineering students in Turkey based on gender roles and to find solutions to these problems. In this context, a field study was conducted based on the views of 236 participants. In the study, a digital questionnaire consisting of two parts was distributed to the participants. In the first part of the questionnaire, demographic information was asked, and in the second part, questions were asked about the evaluation of female and male students’ professions based on gender. The data obtained from the study were evaluated and interpreted and solution suggestions were presented.

The Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Premenstrual Syndrome in Girl Students

Fatma KESKİN TÖRE — 2023-10-12

Objective: The research was carried out to examine the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and premenstrual syndrome.

Methods: The research was conducted between November 2022 and June 2023 in a descriptive and relationship seeking type. The research was carried out with 275 female students studying at Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing. Research data was collected with an online survey form created through Google Forms to protect confidentiality. The created survey form was delivered to the students via WhatsApp. Data were obtained using the participant information form, Adverse Childhood Experiences Scale, and Premenstrual Syndrome Scale. Descriptive statistics (number, percentage, mean, standard deviation), t-test, Mann Whitney U test, and Kruskal Wallis H test were used in the evaluation of the data.

Results: The study determined the mean score on the adverse childhood experiences scale as 1.23±1.69. The study determined that as the adverse childhood experiences increased, the age of menarche decreased (β-coefficient=-0.148; p=0.011), the period of menstrual bleeding increased (β-coefficient=0.165; p=0.005) and the status of experiencing premenstrual syndrome (β-coefficient=-0.209; p=0.000) increased.

Conclusion: In the study, it was determined that adverse childhood experiences affect premenstrual syndrome. It is recommended that health professionals should not ignore adverse childhood experiences that are difficult to talk about and express while investigating the presence of premenstrual syndrome scale.

Examination of the Perception of Women in Turkish World Tales

Aleyna YILDIZ — 2023-10-12

This study aims to examine the perception of women in the tales of the Turkish World. The research was carried out with phenomenology, one of the qualitative research designs. Document analysis was used as the data collection method. In this context, Azerbaijan tales addressed to the eastern part of the Turkish world, Balkan tales addressed to the western part and Anatolian tales about the Turkish world were discussed. There are a total of 151 fairy tales in 5 fairy tale books belonging to three different publishers. In line with the purpose of the research, a total of 75 fairy tales that include the perception of women in the tales were examined within the scope of the research. Descriptive analysis was used in data analysis. Therefore, in the descriptive analysis process; A deductive path from general to specific was followed through the stages of creating categories, theme sandsub-themes. The stages of creating categories, theme sandsub-themes were carried out with the content analysis technique. In the content analysis, it was tried to determine the perception that each fairy tale includes about women by digitizing them within the frame work of code themes and categories. In this context, each expression related to physical appearance, personal characteristics, emotional state, motherhood, gendere quality and profession in the tales is in dicated using frequency (f). The findings of the study determined that there are more symbols of negative perception to wards women in the tales of the Turkish world. Regarding the positive perception to wards the heroines in these tales; It has been seen that women are symbolized as beautiful, hardworking and self-sacrificing mothers. Regarding the negative perception to wards the heroines in fairy tales; old, lying, sad, stepmother with bad behavior, it has been seen to be symbolized in the form of humiliation about gender equality. In the fairy tales, it has been seen that the heroines are symbolized as a princess for their high-status profession and as a bride for a low-status professional status. Based on the results of the research, it can be suggested that tales with more expressions symbolizing positive perception to wards women should be taught to children at home and in schools. Informative studies can be carried out in order for teachers and parents to be more conscious and to choose more suitable fairy tales on this subject. In terms of studies that actively deal with the concept of women in society, aiming to reveal the perception of women and the value shown to women, the tales hedslight on new studies with the roles of women in its inside.

The Relationship Between The Self-Perceived Power and Fear of Childbirth Among Pregnant Women

Saliha YURTÇİÇEK EREN — 2023-10-12

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between the self-perceived power of women during pregnancy and their fears of the postpartum period.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: 302 pregnant women who could be reached by snowball sampling method were included in the study. The data were collected through the introductory information form, the Women's Psychological Empowerment Scale, and the Fear of Childbirth and the Postpartum Period Scale.

Results: A highly significant negative correlation found between the perceived power of women and their worries during and after childbirth (r(302) = −.808, p < 0.001).

Conclusions: The empowerment of women psychologically can reduce their fear of pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period.

Employees Who Use the Headscarf in the Context of Perceived Discrimination and Cognitive Flexibility: An Evaluation from the Perspective of University Students Who Are Candidates to Become Executives

Özlem ANUK — 2023-10-12

It is known that discrimination, whose name and content has changed, has emerged in different dimensions and appearances in every period of history, and measures are taken against discrimination. Discrimination takes place as an action and emerges as a product of thought. This thought creates the perception that people who are marginalized or feel marginalized are discriminated against. The perception of believing that they are treated unfairly or negatively due to their characteristics and the groups they belong to causes the emergence of a difficult or difficult life to cope with. At this point, coping with difficult situations in one's life, creating alternatives, solving problems by defining different options, and thinking agile by raising awareness with one's behaviors represent a process related to cognitive flexibility. In the emergence of the study, curiosity about the perspectives of people who will take a decision-making position in the working life of the future to the turban phenomenon, which is associated with negative and positive discrimination, as well as concepts such as judgment and perception, was effective. The aim of the study is to evaluate the individual and collective discrimination experienced or likely to be experienced against employees who wear and do not wear turbans from the point of view of the students who will take part in the selection and placement processes as future manager candidates, as well as to measure the relationship of perceived discrimination with cognitive flexibility. In the emergence of the study, the curiosity about the perspectives of the people who will take part in the decision-making position in the working life of the future on the phenomenon of turban, which is associated with concepts such as negative and positive discrimination, judgment and perception. The aim of the study is to evaluate the individual and collective discrimination experienced or likely to be experienced against employees who use headscarves and those who do not, from the perspective of students who will take part in the selection and placement processes as future manager candidates, as well as measuring the relationship between perceived discrimination and cognitive flexibility. The sample of the study consists of 245 female and 80 male students. The hypothesis of the study was formed as H1: "There is a significant relationship between perceived discrimination against people with and without headscarves and cognitive flexibility", but the hypothesis was rejected as a result of the correlation analysis. In addition to questions about perceived discrimination and cognitive flexibility scales, in the questionnaire applied to the students, questions were also asked about the age, gender, department, class they studied, the city they lived in for the longest time, the use of a headscarf in the family and the presence of a headscarf among close friends. Significant findings between demographic variables and sub-dimensions were determined and evaluated and interprete

Spotlights of Turkish Foreigners - Motherhood in an Unknown Land: A Case Study in The Jezero Maternity Hospital

Emel TOPÇU — 2023-10-12

This academic article addresses a significant gap in the literature on migration and health within the context of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), focusing on Turkish women with legal migrant status who underwent the maternity process at Jezero Maternity Hospital in Sarajevo. The study aims to explore the memories and experiences of these Turkish women regarding the concept of obstetric violence, particularly their encounters with socially and culturally different attitudes towards childbirth experiences. Utilizing a case study approach, seven Turkish women who volunteered to share their childbirth experiences were selected from one of the leading maternity hospitals in Sarajevo Canton. The findings were categorized into four main themes: inadequate information, lack of autonomy in childbirth decisions, subpar pain management resulting in excruciating pain, a deficiency of trust and lack of security leading to the attitudes of hospital staff perceived as unacceptable and ignored. Although the issue of obstetric violence is intricate and multifaceted, this small-scale study has shed light on crucial aspects related to securing women's right to midwifery and promoting respectful and supportive care for expectant mothers at the local level in FBiH. This research contributes valuable insights to the existing literature and highlights the significance of culturally sensitive approaches to improve maternal healthcare experiences for migrant women in the region.

Experiencing Activism Through Virtual Reality Narratives: The Theme of “Sisterhood” and The Sample of Fight Back VR

Ümmühan MOLO — 2023-10-12

Teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte devamlı çeşitlenen yeni anlatı araçları, bu araçların toplumsal işlerlik kazanmasıyla birlikte, içerik ve biçim kurgusu konularını önemli hale getirmektedir. Çünkü her yeni araç, kendinde ona özgü nitelikler barındırmakta ve o nitelikler etrafında anlam kazanmaktadır. Teknolojik araçların toplumla olan güçlü ilişkisi, ortaya konulan aracın toplumsal faydasını da gündeme taşımaktadır. Sanal gerçeklik teknolojileri ve iletişime olan etkileri, gündemdeki tartışma konularından biridir. Çünkü sanal gerçeklik teknolojisi bir deneyim etkisi yaratmakta ve bu etkide deneyimleyen kişiyi güçlü bir anlatı içinde var kılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla mevcut içeriğin hangi yapıda neyi kapsadığı gibi bir soru önemli olmaktadır. Bu önem kendisini, SG (Sanal Gerçeklik) anlatılarında işlenen toplumsal meselelerin deneyime dönüşmesi ile göstermektedir. Bu çalışma, sanal gerçeklik teknolojilerinin toplumla kurduğu ilişkiye ve SG içeriğinin toplumsal faydaya dönüşebilme potansiyeline odaklanmaktadır. Böylece, toplumsal cinsiyet konusunu, 360 derece anlatı biçimiyle aktaran “Fight Back VR” çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Belirlenen örneklem, yapısal anlambilim çözümleme yöntemi olan, Greimas’ın Eyleyensel Modeli üzerinden analiz edilmektedir. Analizden elde edilen sonuca göre, SG’nin daldırma, mevcudiyet, bedenleşme ve deneyim gibi etkileri, ortaya konan anlatı içeriğini anlamsal faydaya dönüştürmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet meselesini kadın sorunları üzerinden ele alan “Fight Back VR” katılımcıyı, “kahraman” olarak konumlamakta ve kahramanın anlatı içindeki mücadelesi eylemsel bir etki yaratmaktadır. Bu etki hem hikâyede hem de katılımcının bireysel yaşamında eğitici-öğretici bir rol üstlenmektedir. Böylece sanal gerçeklik anlatıları, bireysel bir deneyim alanı yaratmasına rağmen, anlatı konusu ve özellikleriyle “deneyim aktivizmi” kavramını ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

The Effect of Exercise Interventions on Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Şafak YİĞİT — 2023-10-12

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic disease occurring during pregnancy and it has been observed that GDM rates have increased significantly worldwide in the last 20 years. It has been reported that being physically active during pregnancy is beneficial for the fetus and mother, and that exercise can be effective in preventing possible complications associated with GDM. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of exercise interventions on glycemic index, gestational age, obstetric and neonatal outcomes in gestational diabetes. This study was prepared according to the PRISMA-P (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis Protocols) guideline.

Materials and Methods: Articles to be included in the study; articles between 2012-2022 were searched in Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PUBMED, Scopus and Science Direct electronic databases. In the scans, the terms “gestational diabetes”, “exercise” and “combined exercise”, “pregnancy” or “pregnant” and “diabetes” and “exercise”, and “gestational diabetes” and “exercise” and MeSH terms the keywords were used and clinical studies were filtered out.

Results: Nine randomized controlled studies with 1228 pregnant women with GDM were included in the review. As a result of the compiled randomized controlled studies, it was found that the exercise intervention in pregnant women diagnosed with GDM changed the fasting blood glucose level between 0.3-1.2 mmol and the 2-hour postprandial blood glucose level between 0.2-0.5 mmol, so exercise was an effective factor on fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels.

Conclusion: This systematic review suggests that women diagnosed with GDM can improve their physical activity motivation during pregnancy and in the prevention of complications that may arise due to glycemic management, insulin use, blood sugar level, maternal and neonatal glucose intolerance with exercise intervention. Interventions should aim to follow-up participants postpartum to understand the long-term benefits of antenatal exercise intervention.

Determining The Correlation Between Midwives’ Professional Values and Professional Attitudes

Tuğçe TOPAL — 2023-10-12

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the correlation between midwives’ professional values and professional attitudes.

Materials and methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 285 midwives working in primary and secondary healthcare services in a city center in eastern Turkey between February 2022 and June 2023. Study data were collected using by a personal information form, the Professional Values of Midwives Scale, and the Professional Attitudes at Occupation Inventory.

Results: The mean age of the midwives participating in the study was 32.98±6.92 years, 66.7% were married, and 71.3% had an undergraduate degree. The mean scores of the midwives were 124.10±19.23 on the Professional Values of Midwives Scale and 138.90±15.42 on the Professional Attitudes at Occupation Inventory. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean scores of the midwives on the total Professional Values of Midwives Scale and the Professional Attitudes at Occupation Inventory (p<0.000). It was determined that the professional values of midwives were affected by the level of education, the department where they worked, working style, total work experience, having received education on professionalism, and membership in professional associations. On the other hand, it was found that their professional attitudes at occupation were influenced by education, satisfaction with their department, working style, the reason for choosing the profession, following innovations in midwifery, and planning to do a postgraduate degree.

Conclusion: The professional values of the midwives participating in this study were positive, and their professional attitudes at occupation were high. It can be said that especially the level of education, gaining professional knowledge/following innovations, the department, and organization have a positive effect on both professional value perceptions and professional attitudes at occupation. According to the results of this research, midwives should be assigned to the units where they can best implement their professional roles and responsibilities. The importance of organization should be emphasized. Because it is seen that professional associations are an important variable in terms of both professional values and professional attitudes.

Effect of Online Training Program Focused on Self-Knowledge, Communication and Problem Solving Skills Development on Psychological Resilience and Dyadic Adjustment in Married Women

Gonca USTUN — 2023-10-12

Aim: The study was conducted to determine the effect of a training program focusing on self-knowledge, communication and problem solving skills development in married women on psychological resilience and dyadic adjustment.

Method: This study, which is an experimental research type with a control group in which pre-test, post-test and follow-up measurements were used, was conducted with 64 married women in the 18-49 age group. The women were allocated in the intervention (n=32) and control (n=32) groups by simple random sampling. “Online training program focused on developing self-knowledge, communication and problem solving skills” was applied to the intervention group once a week for a total of 12 sessions. Data were collected with the “Adult Resilience Measure” and the “Dyadic Adjustment Scale”. The measurements were made three times before the program, one week following the program and three months later. The data obtained from this study were analyzed with IBM SPSS 25 package program.

Results: While there was no significant difference between the mean scores of the psychological resilience and dyadic adjustment scale of the intervention and control groups before the program (p>0.05), the mean scores of the intervention group after the program and three months after the program were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). The mean scores of the psychological resilience and dyadic adjustment scale of the intervention group increased significantly after the program and three months after the program compared to the pre-program (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The program applied to the intervention group increased psychological resilience and improved dyadic adjustment in married women. It is recommended that training programs on communication and psychological resilience before and during marriage should be included in practice and their continuity should be ensured.

Spatial Analysis of Child Marriages in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study

Gülten DURSUN — 2023-10-12

Child marriage is a widespread human rights violation with significant socio-economic consequences. The roots of child marriages, which hinder social and economic development, is based on gender inequality. Although the overall share of child marriages among brides has decreased over the years in Turkey, there continues to be a significant disparity between girls and boys in terms of marrying at a young age. This study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of early marriage among girls aged 16-17 in 81 provinces of Turkey in 2019 and associated factors using a spatial econometric approach. It is possible to determin the geographical distribution, potential clustering, and spatial correlation of child marriages in Turkey using spatial econometric methods. Spatial regression models, which are widely recognized approaches, are used to model spatial relationships. In this study, the spatial error model (SEM) approach was used to examine how child marriages are affected by proxy variables such as girls’ education, per capita income and their parent’s social norms and attitudes that can measure sexual crimes and migration. The SEM model is an approach that incorporates spatial autocorrelation of the error term. The key feature of this model is its ability to be used when regions or groups are defined based on observable characteristics as well as similarities that can be captured through geographical proximity. Firstly, Moran I statistic was calculated to test whether child marriage rates are spatially correlated. The findings of the study revealed a strong spatial relationship among provinces. According to the Spatial Error Model findings, increases in per capita GDP and human capital reduce child marriage rates, while household size and sexual crimes increase child marriage rates. Financial incentives for attending school, expanding economic opportunities, and the presence of schools promoting gender equality are important. The findings of the study highlight the impotance of increasing per capita income and addressing entrenched social norms in combating child marriage

Determining The Relationship Between Levels of Hopelessness and Perceived Social Support of Women who Experienced The Türkiye Earthquake Disaster

Tuğçe SÖNMEZ — 2023-10-12

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between levels of hopelessness and the social support status of women living in 11 provinces declared as earthquake zones in Türkiye.

Method: This descriptive and correlational research design study was conducted with 384 women. The data were collected using the "Questionnaire on sociodemographic and some other characteristics", "Beck Hopelessness Scale", and "Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale".

Results: The result of the correlation analysis showed that there was a statistically significant low-level negative relationship between the Beck Hopelessness Scale scores and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale scores of the participants (r=-0.255). The perceived social support is found to affect the hopes of women who experienced the earthquake.

Conclusion: It is advisable to initiate, sustain, and expand research concerning the establishment of centers that can provide women with professional social support in a coordinated and rapid manner during natural disasters.

Students’ Perceptions towards the Effective Use of Web-Based Learning Platform (WBLP) on Their Learning Outcomes

Bengi SONYEL — 2023-10-12

Nowadays, computers are the potential deliverers of the educational system, since they can be used for personalizing learning, to design learning according to the learners’ knowledge and needs. Educators’ attention has overtime been attracted by the development of the internet and internet-based computerized learning (i.e., e-learning). Academic studies in this area have shown that the process of obtaining web technology for the purpose of learning and teaching is quickly becoming an important tool in these fields. In accordance with the latest requirements, many institutions and individuals prefer to provide education/training via the Internet and that has sparked a remarkable rate of increase in web-based education institutions. And therefore, there has been a rise in the usage of personal/informal as well as institutional/formal web-based learning platforms. Therefore, the web, with its wide range of functions, has become such a highly invaluable source and the tool to acquire learning, research development that in all honesty without its learning process. Owing to this, the major purpose of this study is to analyze the perceptions of Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU) students, through a web-based learning platform. This research is a case study and as a methodology mixed approach is used (both quantitative and qualitative). The findings revealed that Web-based learning potentially has many advantages, however lack of experience, computer literacy and infrastructure problems, while using such a system could build a barrier in the way students learn.

Evaluation of Breast Cancer Risk and Self-Breast Examination Behavior of Women Residing in Amasya Provincial Center

Esra ÇÖMEZOĞLU — 2023-10-12

Amaç: Meme kanseri ülkemizde kadın kanserlerinin yaklaşık yarısını oluşturan önemli bir sağlık sorunu olmakla beraber erken dönemde tedavi edildiğinde sağ kalım oranı yüksek bir sağlık problemidir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, düşük sosyoekonomik gelişmişlik indekslerine sahip illerimizden Amasya’da, il merkezinde ikamet eden kadınların meme kanseri riski ve kendi kendine meme muayenesi yapma davranışlarının değerlendirilmesidir.

Materyal ve Metot: Çalışmamız tanımlayıcı niteliktedir ve Amasya il merkezinde 1 Mart– 1 Nisan 2022 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcılara, 6 soruluk sosyo-demografik özellikleri içeren tanımlayıcı “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, 11 sorudan oluşan meme kanseri ve kendi kendine meme muayenesi (KKMM) konularındaki bilgi ve tutumlarını belirleyici “Soru Formu” ve 6 soruluk Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı, meme kanseri riski değerlendirme formu yüz yüze görüşme yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Veriler SPSS paket programıyla analiz edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Çalışmamız 20 yaş ve üzeri 462 gönüllü kadın ile gerçekleştirildi. Kadınların yaş ortalamaları 28,30±10,81 ve beden kitle indeksi ortalamaları 23,70±4,43’tü. %56,96’sı KKMM konusunda kendini yeterli görürken, %31,7’si hiç KKMM yapmadığını belirtti. Katılımcıların %1,1 yüksek riskli ve %2,4’ünün en yüksek risk grubunda bulunduğu tespit edildi.

Sonuç: KKMM erken dönemde teşhis imkânı sağlaması açısından son derece kıymetli ve pratik bir yöntem olmasına rağmen uygulama oranı düşüktür. Yetişkinler için bilmenin ve eğitimin yanında davranış değişikliğini oluşturmak, sağlık davranışlarını yükseltebilmek daha yoğun multidisipliner bir yaklaşım gerektirir. Ebeler, ulaştıkları tüm kadınların KKMM eğitim ve uygulamalarını geliştirmede ve Kanser Erken Teşhis Tarama ve Eğitim Merkezlerine yönlendirilmesinde etkin rol ve sorumluluk üstlenebilirler.

Evaluating The Impact of Gender Norms on Women's Participation in Terrorist Organizations

Begüm ÇARDAK — 2023-10-12

Studies on terrorism and political violence often take into account a multitude of political, socio-economic, ideological, cultural and religious factors that can shape an individual's radicalization and involvement in terrorism. However, gender differences in the participation of men and women in terrorist organizations should be analyzed not only on the basis of biological characteristics, but also in the context of gender. Despite the evolving and diversifying roles of men and women, gender codifications shape understandings of how radicalization and participation in terrorist activities can differ. This is because the reasons and degree of participation in terrorist organizations may also differ according to experiences based on gender norms. Therefore, this study first aims to address how the concept of gender is defined in the literature. Subsequently, the reasons for how and in what ways gender norms cause marginalization in women will be investigated. The reasons why women use violence as a form of communication will be revealed. The diversity of social lives and cultures multiplies the differences between contexts and women who resort to political violence. Just as the conditions under which terrorist organizations emerge are not the same, the factors that lead women to justify violence may be different from each other. In this context, in the last part of the study, the gender factors that lead to the emergence of terrorism, a sub-type of political violence, and women's involvement in political violence movements are discussed in a comparative manner through case studies.

Determination of the Relationship between Nurses' Anxiety of Getting Caught Coronavirus and Their Healthy Nutrition Attitudes during the Pandemic Process

Buğse BÖLEÇ — 2023-10-12

This study was conducted as a cross-sectional and descriptive study in order to determine nurses' attitudes towards healthy eating and their concerns about catching coronavirus and the relationship between them in the pandemic. The research was carried out with 203 nurses working in a training and research hospital located in the west of our country. The data were collected between June-July 2021 with a questionnaire consisting of nurses' personal characteristics, Attitudes towards Healthy Eating Scale, and New Types of Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. The mean age of the nurses was 33, 61.6% were female, 56.73% were married, 51.7% had a bachelor's degree, 56.2% were normal weight, 52.7% were childless, 37.4% used alcohol, 46.3% smoked. It was determined that 30% of them had chronic diseases. 55.7% of the nurses work in the clinic, 88.2% as clinical nurses, and the average working year is 10.93. A statistically significant difference was found between the age, gender, number of children, alcohol and smoking status of the nurses and the total mean scores of the Attitudes towards Healthy Eating Scale (p<0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between nurses with thalassemia and the total mean scores of the Nurses Anxiety of Conceiving New Type Coronavirus (p< 0.05). A positive and statistically significant relationship was found between the total score averages of the Nurses' Attitudes towards Healthy Eating Scale and the Nurses' Anxiety of Conceiving New Type Coronavirus (p<0.01, p<0.05). It can be said that nurses' healthy eating attitudes and anxiety about catching coronavirus are high.

Women's Childbearing Motivation in the West Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Zeliha YAZICI — 2023-10-12

The most crucial factor influencing population growth is fertility. The fertility rate is associated with individuals' desire in society to have children. In recent years, the fertility rate in Turkey has been gradually declining, and an increasing number of women are opting to remain childless. Alongside biological, social, and economic variables, motivations for childbearing also play a significant role in the decrease of the fertility rate. Based on this premise, the current study aimed to identify the effective fertility motivations that contribute to the diminishing desire of Turkish women to have children. The research included a total of 255 women within the age group of 25 to 29, representing the segment with the highest fertility rate in Turkey. The "Childbearing Motivation Scale" was utilized to gather data. The analysis involved examining the arithmetic mean and standard deviation values of various motivations for childbearing through the use of the t-test for Independent groups. As a result, it was found that positive motivations for childbearing women were mainly associated with couple relationships from socio-economic perspectives, whereas negative motivations were predominantly related to socio-ecological concerns. Additionally, the study revealed that the level of education significantly affected positive motivations for childbearing.

Feminism and Terrorism: Women Terrorists and Women in Counterterrorism

Büşra ÖĞÜTÇÜ — 2023-10-12

Feminism is a teory which basically advocates gender equality and questions the secondary roles attributes to woman. In this framework terrorism seen as an activity which performed by men against to men but women affected by the consequences. Unlike the prevailing thought women are related to terrorism as supporter or participant and as participant they are effective. In this study the factors effects women to be relate to terrorism and woman in counterorism will be analyzed.